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Region (year)
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Findings
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Reference
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Shoklo Malaria Research Unit in the north-western border of Thailand (2015–2016)
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Neonatal screening using the fluorescent spot test identified GP6D deficiency in 10.7% (84/786) of males and 1.2% (9/735) of females. Among the 1340 G6PD normal newborns, 10 (9 males and 1 female) were G6PD deficient when re-tested after one month of age
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Thielemans, et al. Wellcome Open Res 2018;3:1.
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Bangkok (before 2017)
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Using genotyping (10 G6PD mutations), G6PD mutation was found in 12.0% of newborns (n=174) and 11.7% of adults (n=616). G6PD Viangchan [871 (G>A)] was the most common mutation in newborns (42.9%) and adults (52.8%)
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Banyatsuppasin, et al. Hemoglobin 2017;41:260–266.
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Shoklo Malaria Research Unit in the north-western border of Thailand (2012–2013)
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Using the fluorescent spot test in pregnant women, 2.9% (360/12427) were G6PD deficient. For ethic groups the prevalence was: Mon 5.2% (7/135), Sgaw Karen 4.2% (226/5336), Shan 4.2% (1/24), ‘Mixed’ 2.3% (20/880), Burman 2.0% (72/3690), Other 1.7% (2/121), Poe Karen 1.6% (25/1550), ‘Muslim’ 1.2% (6/510), Pa Oh 1.0% (1/100), Rakhine 0% (0/69), Kachin 0% (0/12). The frequency of G6PD variants was Mahidol 92.4% (85/92), Kaiping 4.3% (4/92) Chinese-4 2.2% (2/92) and Mahidol-Canton 1.1% (1/92). In 74 women heterozygous for G6PD Mahidol, 6.6% of women had a G6PD activity <30% normal, 60.5% had activity 30–70% of normal, 32.9% had >70% normal activity.
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Bancone, et al. Wellcome Open Res 2017;2:72.
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Skaw Karen ethnic group living in Sukhothai northwestern Thailand (2002–2003)
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Using the fluorescent spot test, G6PD deficiency prevalence was 28% (10/36) in males and 16% (7/44) in females overall; 2% (1/44) fully deficient and 14% (6/44) with intermediate deficiency. G6PD Mahidol was the most frequent deficient mutation (allele frequency 0.28) with Canton infrequently reported and with no G6PD Viangchan, Union or Kaiping
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Kanchanavithayakul, et al. Southeast Asian J Trop med Public Health 2017;48:1308–1317.
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Tak Province (2013–2015)
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In patients with malaria (falciparum or vivax) G6PD deficiency prevalence was 6.9% (17/245); 10.0% (15/150) in males and 2.1% (2/95) in females. Prevalence in ethnic groups was Thai 6.1% (8/130) and Burmese 7.8% (9/115)
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Kotepui, et al. Infect Dis Poverty 2016;5:36.
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Thai–Myanmar border (before 2016)
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In healthy volunteers, 8.9% (124/1400) were G6PD deficient by fluorescent spot test and 3.6% (50/1400) were intermediate. 14.3% (104/727) of males and 3.0% (20/673) of females were G6PD deficient. Genotyping of deficient males and all females showed the most common G6PD-deficient variant to be Mahidol (31 hemizygous, 5 homozygous, 61 heterozygous) followed by Canton (3 hemizygous and 3 heterozygous) Chinese-4 (4 hemizygous) and Viangchan (1 hemizygous, 1 heterozygous).
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Bancone, et al. PLoS One 2016;11:e0151898.
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Thailand–Myanmar border (2011)
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In male outpatients, the G6PD deficiency prevalence by fluorescence spot test was 13.7% (69/504); 14.1% (50/354) in Karen and 12.9% (16/124) in Burman subjects. Among the 69 G6PD-deficient subjects 61 had the Mahidol variant, 3 Chinese-4, 1 Viangchan, 1 Açores, 1 Seattle and 1 Mediterranean
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Bancone, et al. PLoS One 2014;9:e116063.
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Omkoi District, Chiang Mai Province (2013)
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In a survey of Karen children, 3.8% (10/245) were G6PD deficient using the fluorescent spot test
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Yanola, et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014;45:920–5.
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Bangkok and Mae Sot (2011–2012)
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Using the quantitative spectrophotometric assay, 6.0% (3/50) of males and 0% (0/9) of females in Bangkok and 4.5% (2/44) of males and 0% (0/7) of females at Mae Sot were G6PD deficient
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Osorio, et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;92:22–7.
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Chiang Mai (2007–2009)
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Neonatal cord blood screening gave a G6PD deficiency prevalence of 15.9% (90/566); 17% (48/289) of males were deficient, 13% (37/277) of females had intermediate deficiency and 2% (5/277) of females had complete G6PD deficiency. G6PD variants were Mahidol (n=19), Kaiping (n=17), Canton (n=15), Viangchan (n=13), Union (n=7), Chinese-5 (n=2) and unknown (n=22)
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Charoenkwan, et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014;45:187–93.
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Bangkok (before 2013)
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Molecular characterization in healthy Thai adults reported a G6PD deficiency prevalence of 14.2% (42/295). G6PD variants were: Viangchan (83.3%), Mahidol (11.9%), Union (4.8%). Two cases had double mutations Viangchan-Mahidol and Viangchan-Union
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Nantakomol, et al. Malar J 2013;12:289.
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Chiang Mai (before 2013)
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In HIV patients, 9.2% (10/109) were G6PD deficient; G6PD Canton was the most frequent G6PD-deficient variant
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Pornprasert, et al. Curr HIV Res 2013;11:193–7.
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Bangkok (before 2012)
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In patients suspected of having Dengue, 0.7% (6/907) were G6PD deficient
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Chuansumrit, et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2012;43:311–22.
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Pailin (2009)
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Using an enzyme assay in malaria-infected cases, the prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 63%. This high value was thought to be caused by experimental error
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Hoyer, et al. PLoS One 2012;7:e45797
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Pursat (2009–2010)
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A mutational test for the G6PD Viangchan variant in P. falciparum malaria patients identified 13.8% (20/145) hemizygous males, 0% (0/23) homozygous females and 30.4% (7/23) heterozygous females
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Amaratunga, et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12:851–858.
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Nationwide (2008–2009)
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Genomic analysis in healthy volunteers. For the Thai population, G6PD deficiency prevalence was 14.2% (26/183); G6PD Mahidol (8/21: 38.1%) was the most common variant, followed by G6PD Viangchan (4/21:19.0%), G6PD Chinese 4 (3/21: 14.3%), G6PD Canton (2/21: 9.5%), G6PD Union (2/21: 9.5%), G6PD Kaiping (1/21: 4.8%), and G6PD Gaohe (1/21: 4.8%). Almost all (96.2%) samples from the Burmese population carried G6PD Mahidol; only one sample (3.8%) was G6PD Kaiping
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Phompradit, et al. Malar J 2011;10:368.
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Bangkok (2004–2005)
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In patients with P. vivax malaria, 5.0% (7/141) were G6PD deficient (method unspecified)
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Krudsood, et al. Korean J Parasitol 2006;44:221–8.
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Phuket islanders, southern Thailand (before 2006)
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In volunteers, using the WST-1/1-methoxy PMS method, severe G6PD deficiency was present in 8.9% (11/123) of males and 1.4% (3/222) of females. Mild deficiency was present in 0.8% (1/123) of males and 9.0% (20/222) of females. A high prevalence of G6PD deficiency was observed in subjects with Moken (15.4%) or Thai (15.5%) ethnic background. G6PD Mahidol (n=14), G6PD Viangchan (n=11), G6PD Gaohe (n=2), G6PD Kaiping (n=1), and G6PD Kerala-Kalyan (n=1) were identified
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Ninokata, et al. J Hum Genet 2006;51:424–8.
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Songklanagarind Hospital in the south of Thailand (before 2006)
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In 225 G6PD-deficient children, variants identified were G6PD Kaiping, G6PD Mahidol, G6PD Viangchan and an uncharacterised mutation with silent mutation 1311,C > T
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Laosombat, et al. Int J Hematol 2006;83:139–43.
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Southern Thailand (before 2005)
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In 225 G6PD deficient subjects (210 males, 15 females), the three most common variants were G6PD Viangchan (31.3%), G6PD Kaiping (20.1%) and G6PD Mahidol (17.2%) followed by G6PD Canton (9.7%), G6PD Union (2.2%), G6PD Gaohe (1.5%), G6PD Quing Yuan (0.7%), G6PD Mediterranean (0.7%), G6PD Songklanagarind (0.7%), silent mutation 1311,C > T (6.7%), and uncharacterized variant (9%)
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Laosombat, et al. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2005;34:191–6.
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Bangkok (before 2002)
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Using a quantitative assay on cord blood samples, G6PD deficiency prevalence was 11.1% in Thai males (n=350) and 5.8% in females (n=172). G6PD Viangchan was the most common mutation identified (54%), followed by G6PD Canton (10%), G6PD Mahidol (8%), G6PD Kaiping (5%), G6PD Union (2.6%) and "Chinese-5" (2.6%)
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Nuchprayoon, et al. Hum Mut 2002;19:185.
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Bangkok (1988–2000)
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In male Dengue haemorrhagic fever patients 19.1% (17/89) were G6PD deficient
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Tanphaichitr, et al. J Med Assoc Thai 2002;85:S522–9.
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Bangkok (before 2001)
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Using the methemoglobin reduction test, in randomly selected newborns, 11.1% (39/350) of males and 5.8% (10/172) were G6PD deficient
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Sanpavat, et al. j Med Assoc Thai 2001;84:S91–8.
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Bangkok (before 2001)
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In P. vivax patients, 6.1% (22/360) were G6PD deficient
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Buchachart, et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2001;32:720–6.
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Ratchathewi District, Bangkok (1996–1998)
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24,714 newborn infants were screened for G6PD deficiency by fluorescent screening technique. The overall incidence was 5.13% 9.13% in males and 1.66% in females.
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Ratrisawadi, et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1999;30:28–32.
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Bangkok (before 1995)
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Out of 505 cord samples from male newborns males, 61 cases (12.1%) had G6PD deficiency
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Tanphaichitr, et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1995;26:271–4.
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Bangkok (before 1988)
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In male malaria patients 38.5% (74/192) were G6PD deficient
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Lederer, et al. J Trop Med Hyg 1988;91:151–6.
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Northeast Thailand (before 1984)
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The prevalence of G6PD deficiency amongst the Pootai males was 9.7% while that amongst the So males was only 2.3%
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Prasongwatana, et al Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1984;15:11–4.
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